1. Fundamental principles
The system is founded on:
- •Rule of law: Everyone must respect the law, including the government
- •Presumption of innocence: Innocent until proven guilty
- •Due process of law: Respect for legal rights
- •Freedom and democracy: Laws reflecting Canadian values (justice, equality)
2. Court structure
Judicial hierarchy:
3. Supreme Court of Canada
Highest court (9 appointed judges). Interprets the Constitution
4. Federal Court
Disputes related to the federal government (immigration, taxes)
5. Provincial courts
- •Courts of Appeal: Review lower court decisions
- •Superior Courts (e.g., King's Bench): Serious criminal and civil cases
- •Specialized courts: Small claims, family, traffic violations
6. Role of police
Main missions:
- •Maintaining order and protecting citizens
- •Enforcing laws
7. Police services
- •RCMP: Federal and provincial police (except ON/QC)
- •Provincial police: OPP (Ontario) and SQ (Quebec)
- •Municipal police: Local services (e.g., SPVM in Montreal)
8. Getting help
- •Emergency: 911
- •Reporting: Local police station
- •Complaint possible in case of dissatisfaction
9. Access to justice
- •Legal aid: Free/subsidized services for low income
- •Court representation: Specialized lawyers (criminal, family...)
10. Penal system
- •Prisons: Punishment and societal protection + rehabilitation programs
- •Citizen juries: Drawn by lot for serious criminal cases
11. Conclusion
The system aims to be:
- •Fair and impartial
- •Accessible to all
- •Protective of fundamental rights
- •Maintainer of public order